PEST Analysis of Genting Highlands

PEST Analysis of Genting Highlands Genting Highlands, also known as Resort World Genting, was the idea of the late Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong. He wanted to create a holiday resort in Malaysia, 2000 feet above sea level, where one can experience cool weather and have a relaxing vacation amongst the nature. Today, Genting Highlands is a leading leisure and entertainment resort. It compromises of six hotels, a country and golf resort, two apartment blocks and a theme park, international shows, gaming experience, leisure cruising and meetings and conventions. Their vision is to be a leading integrated resort operator in the world (Genting Malaysia Berhad, 2011) Genting Malaysia: http://www.gentingmalaysia.com/ Resort Word Genting: http://www.rwgenting.com/ Marketing Problem Marketing Audit External PEST Political and Legal Environment In 1965 when Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong purchased a mountainous land in between Selangor and Pahang there was an anomaly issue of the ownership title, one part of the land being leasehold and the other being freehold. Dato Harun Idris the Menteri Besar of Selangor at that time (politician) agreed to grant a freehold. When one has a business in a country, the laws that are set have to be complied. In political and legal forces the laws that govern the corporations have an impact on decision making. Some of the most commonly used political strategies are constituency building, political action committee contribution, advocacy advertising, and coalition building. Economic Environment Here in Malaysia the economic climate has been quite sound. We have trade freedom, labour freedom, monetary freedom and high levels of fiscal independence. The highest corporate tax rate and the highest income tax rate are moderate. The tax revenue is low as a percentage of GDP. Inflation is very minimal and government does not alter market prices much with direct subsidies. The simple hire procedures with no minimum salary make the labour sector flexible and help businesses to stay competitive. Social Environment Customers have increasingly visited Genting Highlands as it was the first ever integrated resort. Globalisation has marked Malaysia on the globe and also increased more tourists to come over and spend their vacation in Genting Higlands. However times are becoming more challenging as new integrated theme parks are opening in Malaysia. Technology Environment Over the course of time the rate of change in terms of technology has moved to a rapid pace. Technology contributes directly to its competence in terms of substantially increases competitive levels as others may be better placed and have more sophisticated internal technology systems. Gentings Leisure and Hospitality also emphasizes technological facilities advancement. As mentioned by Mr. Andrew innovation is always encouraged in the theme parks bringing in new rides and adventure so as to not stagnate with the old school rides but keep adapting to deliver that experience of a lifetime. The Manager also mentioned that in terms of building customer relationship technology has evolved the strategies from analogue to digital. In terms of establishing a relationship between Genting and its customers, more mobile apps such as android or smartphone friendly websites are designed to cater to the customers convenience. Supplier, Publics, Intermediaries, Customers and Competition (SPICC) Suppliers Most of the suppliers are from a local source. If only the supply is exhausted or the requirement cant be fulfilled by a local vendor, then Genting looks for a foreign alternative. Even the live food stock for the restaurants and hotels in Genting Highland, they are purchased from a domestic vendor from the surrounding small business owners. Publics Genting Highlands provides abundance job opportunities, as per se there are 15000 employees working for Genting Berhad altogether. At least one person is said to be working for Gentings from the families of the neighbouring villages around Genting Highlands. Mr Andrew also mentioned that there are some avenues for the Orang Asli community. Help is being offered in the form of domestic aid and education aid. Intermediaries There are intermediaries such as the travel agencies and holiday package providers. They promote the leisure activities to the foreign and local market. Even the state tourism promotes the fun come holiday vacation at Genting Highlands. Customers and Markets Competition As Gentings was the first evert integrated resort in Malaysia it did have much competition for years. Recently over the past 10 years many changes have occurred in terms of tourism in Malaysia which opens avenues for business to open more resorts and theme parks around the country. As a result few months ago Legoland opened up with its theme park and resort. Soon to come many more integrated resorts may be built so Genting Highlands has to renew its brand image to upkeep as a key player in this industry. Relative Market Share Genting Malaysia Berhad is in the cash cow sector. According to five year annual report summary, it shows that earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (ebitda) to be profitable as it increase from 2,024.2 Million (2010) to 2,330.2 (2011). Genting group Malaysia is considered to be in a matured market as it was operating since 1971which is still generating cash and making profits for the company. In the interview with Mr.Andrew, marketing manager of Genting Malaysia Berhad, he mentioned the Hotel is always occupied and customers need to do their bookings 2 to 3 weeks before visiting. From this it can be gathered that the Genting Malaysia berhad is continuously making money and he also mentioned that there is less investment needed in the company to be made to maintain its service. The investment made is only on the maintenance of the theme park, room service, renovation and refurbishment on the hotel which is going on from 1st October 2012 until the end of January 2013. Competitors The competitors of Genting Malaysia Berhad can be defined as any company that is in the similar industry. Genting Malaysia Berhad is into the Theme park and hotel business in Malaysia but also at the same time Genting faces competition from the Sunway Group Malaysia, Lego land and Mines Resort city. Sunway lagoon and Sunway Resort Sunway lagoon is a multi- park destination and into the theme park sector and one of the famous amusement park in Asia , with five division such water park, amusement park, extreme park, wildlife park, scream park (sunwaylagoon,2012). Together with Sunway lagoon attached with its own Sunway resort and spa five star hotel. Lego Land Lego Land recently opened in September 2012, and located in Johor, Malaysia. The size of the theme park is 76 acres (310,001 m2). Other park such as Legoland water theme park and hotels will be opening soon (Wikimedia foundation, 2012). The theme park has 40 interactive rides and 7 different theme park (legoland, 2012) The Mines Resort City and Mines Wellness Hotel Mines resort city has its own theme park named Mines wonderland and a Shopping Mall.The Mines wellness hotel is a five star hotel together the hotel is build with a man made beach and swimming lagoon. Internal 5 Ms Men (labour) There are 7000 employees of Genting Theme Park. Some of the employees are Malaysians, and some others are from other countries. The employees of Genting Highland or Hotels must be trained before they actually do the work. The time for the training is depends on the job that the employees apply. For example, the employees who work in the front desk or entry level, they have to be trained for six months. Money (finances) According to Genting Malaysia Financial Statement in 2011, the company got RM 1,322.3 million profits. And the company total asset is RM 13,490.6. Machinery (equipment) Genting theme park has a ride that other competitor do not have, it is the Flying Coasters. The Flying Coasters is a unique hang-gliding roller coaster that mimics the sensation of flying (Resort World Genting). Minutes (time) Genting Highland Resort has been running for 47 years. Genting Highland has three parks, which are outdoor park, indoor ark, and Video Games Park. The time operation of those three theme parks has a little bit differentiation. Outdoor Park Indoor Park Video Games Park Monday Friday 10 am 6 pm 10 am 12 am 9 am 12 am Saturday, Malaysia School Holiday, and Public Holiday 9 am 10 pm 9 am 1 am 8 am 1am Sunday and Malaysia Public Holiday 9 am 6 pm 9 am 12 am 8 am -12 am Materials (factor of production) Factor of production is an economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit (Investopedia Dictionary). There are four factors of production: Land Labour Land is all the natural resources used for production. Genting Highland resources it includes the land it self, 12,000 acres and 2,800 acres of land from the Pahang and Selangor State Government. Each person has different level of skills. In Gentings company, there are designers who design the hotels look, architectures, engineers, etc. Capital Entrepreneurship / Enterprise A business capital can include, finance or investment for the business, machines, buildings, factories, etc. The people who can organise the other three factors of production, which is Land, Labour, and Capital. The people are the managers who willing to take the risk and come up the innovatie idea to bring the company in the highest level of business success. SWOT Analysis Strengths Genting Highlands is one of the big attractions especially to a foreigner who come to visit Malaysia. It is provides leisure and hospitality services, which comprise amusement, gaming hotel and entertainment. The strength of Genting Highlands is in great marketing programmed and strong brand image that can take advantage of the opportunity, which is to increase the tourist. Genting Highland also consider as a good location because it is near to everywhere and it takes like only less than one hours of driving away from Kuala Lumpur, the city centre of Malaysia. In Genting Highlands, they have a five hotels at the resort which is genting hotel, highlands hotel, resort hotel, theme park hotel and first world hotel with a total about 10,000 hotel rooms and they are full house everyday. They are also including the genting convention centre for a meeting, any convention or exhibitions at the resort and also very famous with the casino. Especially during a night hours, we would never get bored because they still open the bar lounge, sports bar and also the safari so everyone can go and have fun in no time. Weaknesses As we know, Genting Highlands is a hill resort in Malaysia, and it is nestled on a mountain. So this can be effected by a global warming because it seems less showing because it is publics conscious issues towards the environment and especially when it is rain, so they need to wait or can play the indoor theme park only. It causes the problem to those who already bought the ticket with an outdoors theme park. Another benefits to educate the publics and make them feel confident with the environment on the harm of effect of global warming towards the Genting highlands. Especially, it would be a bad effect for those are coming for the first time and got no chance to play the outdoor theme park. Opportunities Most of the foreign Genting visitors come from Asia country such as Thailand, Singapore and China. The company more focus to improve the economic conditions of the market. Genting has also made further investments in other countries in developing its name as one of the international gambling and entertainment giant in the world. Threats After we have done with the research, we know that Genting can emphasize more on the uniqueness of having the best theme park and more excitement at a cool whether and can create something more interesting to the customers while having a weather problem. In the other hand, Genting also need to focus on their very close competitors because they are also faces increasing threats from gaming market in the region such as Macau and also in Singapore. Market Assumptions Marketing Missions/Values and Objectives Marketing Strategy Ansoff Ansoff (1987) contends that to survive and succeed in an industry, the firm must match the aggressiveness of its operating and strategic behaviours to the changeability of demand and opportunities in the marketplace (Thompson Martin, 2006). The Ansoff product/market growth matrix provides a simple way of generating four basic alternative directions for strategic development (Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, 2008). Box A of Ansoff Matrix is an existing product with existing markets. Box B, the top right-hand one is a new product developed by the company with existing markets. Under the box A is box C, which is the existing products in the new markets. The last one is box D. In box D, what companies do is taking the full diversification, with altogether new markets and new products (Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, 2008). According to Andrew Leong, marketing manager of Genting group, Genting will have a new ride in anytime soon. The construction is on going. This means, Genting theme park developing a new product in the existing market (box B). He also mentioned that Genting is not just upgrading the theme park, sometimes they also improve the service and make it better. In the Ansoff Matrix, what Genting do is including in box A. For the hotels, Andrew leong said, By the time I do renovation in the first floor of the hotel done and it continue until the top floor, I will start to renovate in the first floor again. From the explanation, the situation of the hotel business is include in box A. And it also can consider that Genting do an active continuously upgrading the business. They provide the best of the best what they can do for the customers and try to put their position ahead from other competitors. In box A, it includes Market Penetration and Consolidation as the strategy companies used. Market Penetration is where an organisation gains market share (Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, 2008). While Product Development (Box B), involves thinking about how new products can meet customer needs more closely and outperform the products of competitors (Portkabins Case Studies). Porters Generic Strategies According to porter, strategies allow organizations to gain competitive advantage from three different bases: cost leadership, differentiation, and focus (David, 2009). Genting Malaysia Berhad can be categorized using the differentiation strategy. Location One of the uniqueness about Genting Malaysia Berhad is the location. The City of Entertainment is situated on the mountains called the Titiwangsa Mountains, which is on the border between Pahang and Selangor of Malaysia (Wikimedia foundation, 2012). Besides attracting Malaysia visitors Genting Highlands have attracted many people from various parts of the world; Marketing Manager Mr. Andrew has mentioned people from countries such as Dubai, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Thailand, and the Philippines comes here to spend their holidays as its a beautiful place with great weather. Genting Highlands came up with a strategic idea by locating their entertainment destination in such area which is different from other competitors. Speaking of the weather, in Genting Highland since is located in the mountains area the weather temperature is not higher than 25 oC( Wikimedia Foundation ,2012) The weather can be described as amid cool misty mountains with spring-like weather year-round (rwgenting, 201 2). Hospitality and Service Genting Malaysia Berhad has six hotels located in the mountains. The Maxims, Genting Hotel,Resort Hotels,Theme Park hotel, First World hotel and Awana Genting Highlands (rwgenting,2012). From here we can see that Genting Malaysia Berhad has gain its competitive advantage that no Hotels in Malaysia has come up with this strategic and secondly The First World Hotel is the largest hotel in Malaysia and 4th largest in the world with 6,118 rooms/suites available (Wikimedia foundation, 2012). There are few awards that Genting Malaysia Berhad has received this year and one of them are highest profit growth company under the trading/Services, Hotels, IPC and Technology Sectors category, awarded by the edge billion ringgit club. Last year they have also won Industry Excellence Award-Hotel Sector 2010/2011 by BASIS Publications House Sdn Malaysia National news Agency (Bernama) (genting, 2011) Theme parks and Entertainment On the other side, Genting Malaysia Berhad has also gained its competitive advantage from the wide range of games and entertainment offered in Genting Highlands, the space they have provided for games only is over 200,000 square feet. Genting Malaysia Berhad is also known to be upgrading new and latest games for their theme parks that make them distinctive between their competitors. Genting Malaysia Berhad has recently invested in the new Snow World, the biggest winter wonderland in Malaysia with space area of 22.8K square feet and the one and only thrill game in Malaysia, the 4D Motion Masters (rwgenting, 2012). In other ways to attract customers Genting has also held events for awards ceremonies such as Iffa Awards, Zee Cine Awards, Lux Style Awards and MTV Asia Awards (Wikimedia foundation, 2012). Mr. Andrew also said that he is indirectly marketing the Genting Malaysia Berhad through these ceremonies by having satellite to enable people in other countries to watch the award ceremonies LIVE. Value Proposition Their vision is to be leading leisure, hospitality and entertainment corporation in the world, (Annual Report 2008). Similar to their vision statement, their value proposition is to deliver the best of service to their customers especially their valued customers. The Gentings Marketing Manager Mr.Andrew said that they take personal care to acknowledge the needs of their customers in order to build a long term relationship with them. He emphasized that they are looking at a very friendly relationship. Digitalization has altogether made that very possible as their personal invites to events are sent out via emails, texts and there is a constant immediate response activity between the company and customers. The accommodation for valued customers is prepared to their personal interest and preferences in terms of food and beverages and other services. As the resort is set out on the mountain with nature and a pleasurable weather, certain group activities are held in the midst of the rainforest or the cliff top overlooking an astounding view. Imagine having a corporate teams outdoor activities with the tranquil sounds of nature, the scents and fragrance of flora and sometimes one may spot eagles, hornbills and other birds of paradise just cruising through the mountainous terrain. These are some of the customer valued moments that one may encounter in Genting, utmost exhilarating experience to those who hail from the hustle and bustle of the city lifestyle. Directional Policy Genting Highlands operates in two segments and they are: Leisure and hospitality, which includes the gaming, hotel, theme park, tours and travel, related to the bnty Size of the Segment- The number of the customer in Genting Highlands are large. They are in too many category that you can see in the graph below : Share Market In this company, the Genting Highlands group has much brunch such as Singapore, because it is one of the major casino resorts, and also in Macau, India, New York and Australia and other more country. These are one of the strategies because it would better luck in the casino and healthy visitor arrivals to boost profits at the resort or any hotel in those countries. At the same time, they can promote and tell to the tourist that they can also travel in the same places but in other countries. Current Market Share Genting Company have investment for the racetrack in between US$70S million and US$730million based on US$380 million with the license fee and between US$325 million and US$350 million capital expenditure programmed. The US$250 million can be used to directly offset the capital expenditure, and the companys net will be between US$455 million and US$480 million. The Maybank in Malaysia analyst said that it was a mere 3% earnings per share accretion which would give a low 6% return on equity on the intended multi billion ringgit investment in resort in New York. So we can see that the current market of Genting company is not focusing only on the one in Malaysia, or one country but they are very active in other countries also. The pretax profit from power increased 3 percent million ringgit on a higher tariffs in Malaysia and China, so at least they can cover whatever they have loss. Profit Lift The higher revenue was recorded at the group non-leisure divisions, particularly the plantation. For the plantation revenue, it is 53.8% owned the Asiatic Development amounted to RM249.50 million or the higher 93% higher RM 129 million a year earlier. The plantation company also achieved a higher crude palm oil and the selling price of RM3,403 starting from January to March against RM1,927 per tonne a year. Marketing Product Price Place Promotion People Processes Physical evidence Budgets Conclusion

Application of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases: Cancer

RESEARCH PROPOSAL APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES – CANCER. BY OLOWOKERE JOHN 1. 0 Introduction Nanotechnology is the study, design, creation, synthesis, manipulation, and application of materials, devices, and systems at the nanometer scale (One meter consists of 1 billion nanometers). It is becoming increasingly important in fields like engineering, agriculture, construction, microelectronics and health care to mention a few. The application of nanotechnology in the field of health care has come under great attention in recent times.There are many treatments today that take a lot of time and are also very expensive. Using nanotechnology, quicker and much cheaper treatments can be developed. By performing further research on this technology, cures can be found for diseases that have no cure today. We could make surgical instruments of such precision and deftness that they could operate on the cells and even molecules from which we are made – something well beyond today's medical technology. Therefore nanotechnology can help save the lives of many people. Mohd & Jeffery, 2007). The specific purpose of this report is to explain the application of nanotechnology to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer in the field of medicine. Applications such as drug delivery system, tissue reconstruction and disease diagnosis and treatment shall be discussed. This report will be of particular interest and help to researchers in the genetic engineering and biotechnology department of the federal university of technology Minna, and other research institutions. 1. 1 Problem StatementThe specific purpose of this report is to delve into the application of nanotechnology to diagnose and treat diseases in the field of medicine using our own indigenous technology. Applications such as drug delivery system, tissue reconstruction and disease diagnosis and treatment shall be discussed as it relates to cancer. 1. 2. Just ification of the Study With the raging scourge of cancer in the world today, nanotechnology provides the field of medicine with promising hope for assistance in its diagnosis and treatment as well as improving the general quality of life.Humans have the potential to live healthier lives in the near future due to the innovations of nanotechnology. Some of these innovations include: Disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease, better drug delivery system with minimal side effects and tissue reconstruction. 1. 3. Objective of the Study This research work is designed to achieve the following objectives: ? Design and production of nano-tech devices and equipment for the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer. ?To develop a model that predicts the method involve in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases such as cancer. Design of nanoparticles for nano-tech applications such as tissue reconstruction. ?To determine the method that will best optimize the drug delivery s ystem with minimal side effects. 1. 4. Scope and Limitation of the Study The scope of this research work shall be limited to the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cancer as highlighted in the problem statement of this research work. 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW The word â€Å"nano† is derived from the Greek â€Å"nanos†, directly translating to English as â€Å"dwarf†.From the very literal meaning of the word, therefore, it is inferred that the science is operated on a miniature scale. When working at a nanoscale, the prefix â€Å"nano† is used as an SI unit to denote any value multiplied by 10-9, meaning that a nanosecond is roughly a billionth of a second and a nanometre equates to a billionth of a metre. Ten hydrogen atoms lined up side by side would equate to a length of 1nm; in fact, most atoms are a miniscule 0. 1-0. 2nm wide. Due to the fact that work on a cellular level is done primarily at a nanoscale, it is th erefore unsurprising that nanotechnology has paved the way for a vast quantity of iological development, and a great majority of the findings encountered have led to cutting edge breakthroughs in this area (Harry, 2005). Nanotechnology offers various exciting prospects to every aspect of life. From dietary supplements to clothing, nanotechnology is evolving rapidly all around us. It offers numerous possibilities, especially in the medical sector of nanoscience (nanomedicine). Nanomedicine can be defined as â€Å"the design and manipulation of nanoparticles, particularly as applied to the medical diagnosis and treatment of disease. Examples of recent nanomedical developments include; the use of nanoparticles with antibacterial properties in hospital equipment and the development of magnetic nanoparticles being used to target disease, reducing the necessity of surgery and the associated risks. A further innovation in nanomedicine has been manufacturing drugs as nanoparticles as they are thought to be absorbed more easily into the body because of their size. It could offer easier methods of locating and targeting specific cells on a „nano? size level, on an atomic scale, and delivering drugs to these cells.This is good because often very powerful drugs are needed to kill mutated cells such as tumour cells, and these drugs would be hazardous if they came into contact with normal functioning cells (Mohd & Jeffery, 2007). 2. 1 Nanotechnology preventive approach In general, the best way to eliminate a problem is to eliminate the cause. In cancer, the problem can be perceived differently at various stages of the disease. Most apparently, if genetic mutations are the underlying cause, then we must counteract the causes of the mutations.Unfortunately, genetic mutations are caused by artificial or natural carcinogens only some of the time. At other times, they may occur spontaneously during DNA replication and cell division. With present science and technology the re is very little we can do to prevent this from happening. However, in all other cases, eliminating the carcinogens is indeed a highly effective way of cancer prevention. But most patients do not recognise the problem until it has actually occurred, which makes preventive medicine a rarely utilised, although a highly effective form of cancer prevention.Even so, is there a way to eliminate cancer through nanotechnology before it starts? Although there is little current research on preventive treatments using nanotechnology, they are indeed possible. After a careful review of the most advanced disease-time nanoscale treatment methods, one can easily see why the proposed nanotechnology alternatives to current preventive treatments have so strongly attracted the attention of the scientific and medical communities in recent years. In fact, nanotechnology-based treatments are no more challenging to devise than the currently used disease-time treatment methods.Nonetheless, it requires tim e and monetary investments to develop such treatment methods in short time. (Greider and Blackburn, 1996). 2. 2 Method of Disease Diagnosis using nanotechnology 1. Diagnosis and Imaging: Nanobiotech scientists have successfully produced microchips that are coated with human molecules. The chip is designed to emit an electrical impulse signal when the molecules detect signs of a disease. Special sensor nanobots can be inserted into the blood under the skin where they check blood contents and warn of any possible diseases.They can also be used to monitor the sugar level in the blood. Advantages of using such nanobots are that they are very cheap to produce and easily portable. (Harry, 2005) 2. Quantum dots: Quantum dots are nanomaterials that glow very brightly when illuminated by ultraviolet light. They can be coated with a material that makes the dots attach specifically to the molecule they want to track. Quantum dots bind themselves to proteins unique to cancer cells, literally br inging tumors to light. (Weiss, 2005). 2. 3 Application of Nanotech in Drug Delivery SystemNanobots are robots that carry out a very specific function and are just several nanometers wide. They can be used very effectively for drug delivery. Normally, drugs work through the entire body before they reach the disease-affected area. Using nanotechnology, the drug can be targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective and reduce the chances of possible side-effects (Perkel, 2004). The drug carriers have walls that are just 5-10 atoms thick and the inner drug-filled cell is usually 50-100 nanometers wide. When they detect signs of the disease, thin ires in their walls emit an electrical pulse which causes the walls to dissolve and the drug to be released. Aston Vicki, manager of BioSante Pharmaceuticals, says â€Å"Putting drugs into nanostructures increases the solubility quite substantially†. (Harry, 2005) 2. 4 Nanotechnology approaches for cancerous cell destruction Preventive treatments are not much good to those who have already developed the disease. And since these are the people who require the most immediate medical help, it is no wonder that a majority of innovative treatments are focused here.Again, there are several ways to view the problem. The traditional approach is to simply eliminate the causing agents, or the cells that make up the tumour and end their pararcine signalling effect. This method actually dates back to the mid-17th century, when John Hunter, a Scottish surgeon first suggested the surgical removal of the tumour (Denmeade and Isaacs, 2002). Of course, we have made great progress in the last 350 years, but the idea remains the same. If we see the cancerous cells of the tumour as the causing agents of the disease, then the obvious strategy is to remove or to destroy them.The most significant recent breakthroughs have been made in this area. A relatively long-standing strategy dating back to the 1950s is to flood the body with substances that are especially toxic to tumour cells. Unfortunately, tumour cells are not dissimilar enough from healthy cells to distinguish one from the other using such large-scale techniques. A drug that is especially toxic to tumour cells is usually also toxic to healthy cells, and simply flooding the entire body with it causes system-wide damage and serious side effects.Almost everyone has heard of or seen chemotherapy patients who have lost their hair, lost significant weight, or developed other serious disorders (Silva, 2004). 2. 5 Physics and Engineering Concepts in Cancer Treatment Aside from destroying cells directly, we can take a more elegant approach to tumour elimination. Massand energy balance are well understood and are widely used in all types of science and engineering. Furthermore, these concepts are quite general, and can be applied to other fields as well, such as medicine.The general principles of mass balance, energy conservation and e ntropy production are applicable to bio systems as well as industrial processes. Thus, we can define the malignant tumour as our bio system and proceed to investigate the mass, energy and entropy inputs, outputs and accumulations. (Mansoori et al. , 2007). Since our ultimate goal is to destroy the tumour, we realise that this can be achieved by limiting or eliminating the inputs of the needed nutrients and the useful energy that are vital to its growth and survival.Likewise, we can limit the outputs, which are necessary for the tumour cells to get rid of toxic waste products that are left over from the multitude of biochemical reactions continuously taking place. Furthermore, basic anatomy and biology tell us that cells within the human body get a vast majority of their nutrients and energy from the bloodstream, and likewise use the bloodstream to eliminate the toxins. Cells that are cut off from circulation quickly undergo necrosis and are effectively eliminated. Therefore, our goa l is to separate the tumour from the circulation in order to kill it.Numerous studies have explored the possibility of isolating cancer tumours from the bloodstream. (Reynolds et al. , 2003). 2. 6 Tissue Reconstruction Nanoparticles can be designed with a structure very similar to the bone structure. An ultrasound is performed on existing bone structures and then bone-like nanoparticles are created using the results of the ultrasound, the bone-like nanoparticles are inserted into the body in a paste form. When they arrive at the fractured bone, they assemble themselves to form an ordered structure which later becomes part of the bone (Adhikari, 2005). 3. 0 MethodologyThis research work shall use the following methods or approaches to achieve its aim and objectives: †¢Top – down technique: The top – down technique begins with taking a macroscopic material (the finished product) and then incorporating smaller scale details into them. The molecules are rearranged to get the desired property. This approach is still under immense research as many of the devices used to operate at nanolevel are still being developed. †¢Bottom – up approach: The bottom – up approach begins by designing and synthesizing custom made molecules that have the ability to self- replicate.These molecules are then organized into higher macro-scale structures. The molecules self replicate upon the change in specific physical or chemical property that triggers the self replication. This can be a change in temperature, pressure, application of electricity or a chemical. The self replication of molecule has to be carefully controlled so it does not go out of hand. 4. 0 Expected Contribution of the Work to Knowledge Though, nanotechnology is still in its early stage, but it is of worthy note to know that it has began to gain application as it is already helping patients all over the world today.As further research continues in this field, more treatments will be discovered. Many diseases that do not have cures today may be cured by nanotechnology in the future. As part of contribution to knowledge, the result that shall be established in this research work may be useful in the development of indigenous methods and model on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cancer. 5. 0 Conclusion Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer have always been a formidable medical challenge. In fact, cancer has long been considered an incurable disease and it is grouped with Hepatitis C and AIDS.Throughout the bulk of human history, cancer tended to be fatal in those who were unfortunate to develop it. Cancer will continue to be a big problem since it is a disease related mostly to age. As our population average age increases due to medical advances, cancer will be a major disease of the aging. At the end of this research work, we may have been able to develop and design a model that will effectively be used to diagnose the disease of cacer, proff er measures and techniques on how it can be prevented and treated.Also, the principle surrounding the mechanism of how a better drug delivery system with minimal side effects concerning the cure of cancer must have been fully explored. All these will be tried and tested using our own indigenous nanotechnology in the area of genetic engineering which promises a brighter future in the field of medicine leading to the actualization of the objective of this research work. REFERENCES Greider, C. W. and Blackburn, E. H. (1996). ‘Telomeres, telomerase and cancer’, Scientific American, Vol. 274, pp. 80–85. Mohd A. K and Jeffery J. (2007). Nanotechnology: Application in medicine and possible side effects.Denmeade, S. R. and Isaacs, J. T. (2002). ‘A history of prostate cancer treatment’, Nature Rev. Cancer, Vol. 2, pp. 389–396. Reynolds, A. R. , Moghimi, S. M. and Hodivala-Dilke, K. (2003) ‘Nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery to tumor neovasculatu re’, Trends in Molecular Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 11, pp. 2–4. Mansoori, G. A; Pirooz, M; Percival, M; Siavash, J. (2007). Nanotechnology in Cancer Prevention, Detection and Treatment: World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, Vol 4. Adhikari, R. (2005). â€Å"Nanobiotechnology: Will It Deliver? † Healthcare Purchasing News. pg 1-3.

Methods For Proximal Caries Detection Health And Social Care Essay

Dental cavities diagnostic methods usually use ocular review, haptic scrutiny, approximal skiagraphy, and fibre ocular transillumination ( FOTI ) 14. Although bitewing skiagraphy for diagnosing of cavities in single patients is an constituted clinical technique, the value of bitewing skiagraphy for the sensing of cavities in big population groups is still controversial23.In primary teething, usage of bitewing skiagraphy increases the sensing rate of proximal surface cavities substantially21. Surveies in the lasting teething suggest that the betterment in cavities sensing was by and large in the order of around 3-5 per cent, and that bitewing skiagraphy likely has greatest value in those populations with the highest cavities rates6,9,15,22,29.The rapid progresss in computing machine engineering have had a important impact on dental skiagraphy. In 1987 the first direct digital system became commercially available as an option to conventional skiagraphy. Equally far as diagnostic truth is concerned, digital and conventional skiagraphy give comparable consequences for observing caries24, 27, 28. The combination of early sensing with new interventional methodological analysis and cavities direction will be the preferable dental pattern in the hereafter. Previous surveies have shown cavities are really hard to name at early phases. Early on carious lesions detection through a conventional diagnosing method, including radiographic, ocular and haptic tests, is questionable because they can stop up with a hazard of a false-positive or false-negative diagnosis18. Till day of the month, bulk of surveies which investigate proximal cavities have been mostly in vitro1,5,7,12,17,20,25. Therefore, few surveies have been done to measure and compare proximal cavities clinically21. Hence, there is a demand to measure proximal cavities by comparing assorted diagnostic methods. A new method based on fluorescence measurings performed by a optical maser device has been turning in popularity known as DIAGNOdent pen – KaVo, Biberach, Germany. When the optical maser irradiates the tooth, the visible radiation is absorbed by organic and inorganic substances present in the dental tissues, every bit good as by metabolites from unwritten bacteriums. These metabolites could be porphyrins that are produced by several types of unwritten bacteriums. Surveies utilizing chromatography have found that porphyrins showed some fluorescence after excitement by ruddy visible radiation. For this ground, the dental tissue emits fluorescent visible radiation after irradiation by ruddy optical maser and, as the carious tissue increases the emitted fluorescent visible radiation compared to healthy tissue, this causes a important difference between carious and sound structures2. More late, several new standards systems have been proposed and evaluated, both to standardized terminology and methodological analysis for clinical tests and to profit practicians in holding a more all right grained attack to measuring easy lesions. The â€Å" International Caries Detection and Assessment System † ( ICDAS ) categorizes six phases in the carious procedure, runing from the clinically seeable alterations in enamel caused by demineralisation, through to extension cavitation10, 11. Therefore, with the above description, presently, proximal cavities sensing methods comprise of assorted method viz. , visual- tactile scrutiny with ICDAS II, FOTI with ICDAS II, Bitewing skiagraphy ( Conventional & A ; Digital ) and Laser Fluorescence Caries sensing – DIAGNOdent pen. Therefore, the intent of this survey is to clinically compare and measure assorted diagnostic methods in primary and lasting grinders for proximal cavities sensing.Reappraisal of literatureDavies GM et Al in 2001 studied in-vivo the usage of fiber-optic transillumination ( FOTI ) as a diagnostic tool in general dental pattern and concluded that the FOTI technique increased the sensing of approximal carious lesions. It was reported to be a utile diagnostic tool in general dental practice4. Heinrich-Weltzien R et Al in 2002 studied in-vivo cut-offs for occlusal cavities sensing by the optical maser fluorescence device DIAGNOdent ( DD ) in comparing to visual-ranked review ( VI ) and bitewing radiogram ( BW ) under status of a general alveolar consonant pattern and concluded that it is advised to measure occlusal surfaces by a punctilious VI followed by the usage of DD and/or BW as extra diagnostic tool of 2nd pick. A DD value of & gt ; 20 could be confirmed as a sensitive cut-off for sensing of occlusal dentine cavities in first and 2nd lasting grinders. For the sensing of early marks of enamel cavities the DD seems to be less suitable8. Costa AM et Al in 2008 studied in-vivo the usage of a optical maser fluorescence device for sensing of occlusal cavities in lasting dentitions and concluded that although the optical maser device had an acceptable public presentation, this equipment should be used as an accessory method to ocular review to avoid false positive results3. Walsh et Al in 2008 studied in-vivo correlativities between Diagnodent optical maser fluorescence readings and clinical tonss for smooth ( buccal and linguistic ) surfaces of primary eyetooths and grinders utilizing ICDAS II, with peculiar involvement in white topographic point lesions and concluded that there is a patterned advance in optical maser fluorescence tonss with increasing badness of smooth surface enamel lesions in primary dentitions, from sound smooth surface enamel through white topographic point lesions and later to cavitation ; nevertheless, the Diagnodent should non be relied on as the sole means for cavities diagnosing because of the possibility of false positive readings if plaque remains on the surface. The joint findings of increased tonss with incipient decalcified lesions impacting enamel, and alterations in readings alining with cavities reversal or patterned advance lend some support to the clinical usage of Diagnodent as an assistance in supervising the adva ncement of early phases of the cavities procedure on smooth surfaces 26. Kavvadia K et Al in 2008 studied in-vivo the DIAGNOdent readings ( LF ) with those of direct ocular ( DV ) scrutiny, indirect ocular ( IDV ) scrutiny, bitewing skiagraphy ( BWR ) , and cavity and crevice gap ( PFO ) for the sensing of occlusal cavities in primary dentitions ; to find the cogency of this device utilizing PFO as mention ; and to measure its dependability and concluded that the LF device presented high dependability in the sensing of occlusal cavities in primary dentitions and its public presentation was similar to DV and radiographic examinations13. Newman B et Al in 2009 studied in-vivo the increased benefits of utilizing bitewing skiagraphy in add-on to the visual-tactile scrutiny technique for sensing of primary teething cavities in a non-fluoridated community, and determined the prevalence of â€Å" concealed † occlusal cavities in the primary teething and concluded that In the primary teething, usage of bitewing skiagraphy increases the sensing rate of proximal surface cavities well. It is recommended that bitewing skiagraphy be included as portion of the everyday scrutiny of kids with proximal surfaces that can non be visualized21.PurposeThe purpose of this in-vivo survey is to compare and measure assorted diagnostic methods of proximal cavities sensing in primary and lasting grinders.AimTo compare visual- haptic scrutiny with ICDAS II ( VT ) , FOTI with ICDAS II ( TI ) , Conventional Bitewing skiagraphy ( C-BWR ) & A ; Digital Bitewing skiagraphy ( D-BWR ) and Laser Fluorescence Caries sensing ( DIAGNOdent pen-LF ) for proximal cavities in primary and lasting grinders. To find relationship between assorted diagnostic methods for proximal cavities in posterior dentitions.MATERIALS & A ; METHODSMaterialsMouth mirror Probe Explorer Microlux Transilluminator ( FOTI ) DIAGNOdent pen Bitewing radiographic movie ( KODAK ) RVG Unit Round diamond bur Air rotor CPI investigationMethodSAMPLE SELECTION: ( n = 100 )Inclusion standards:Untreated sound or enamel and /or dentinal lesion proximal surfaces of lasting 1st Molar & A ; primary 2nd Molar ( E & A ; 6 – Zsigmondy-Palmer notation ) .Exclusion standards:Teeth with buccal, linguistic or occlusal carious lesions, fillings, crevice sealers & A ; orthodontic sets. Medically compromised kid, Handicapped kid, victim of kid maltreatment & A ; neglect, developmental malformations. Teeth with obvious proximal carious lesions ( clinically noticeable ) .MethodologyThis in-vivo survey will be carried out in the Department of Pedodontics, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences & A ; Research Centre, Pune. The topics for the survey will be selected as per inclusion & A ; exclusion standards from the Outpatient Department ( O.P.D. ) . The survey will be carried out from 1st January 2010 boulder clay 1st June 2011 for mentioned sample size. Prior to scrutiny, surfaces of dentitions are to be professionally cleaned & amp ; dried. Two professionally trained testers, experienced in cavities diagnosing would be entitled for scrutiny of selected dentitions and standardization for intra- and inter-examiner variableness. After choice of the topics, an account about the survey is to be given and legal defenders of the patients have to subscribe an informed consent.Visual- haptic scrutiny with ICDAS II: Group IVisual-tactile scrutiny to be performed with oral cavity mirror, investigation & A ; explorer under dental chair visible radiation without magnification. Proximal cavities is recorded utilizing ICDAS II.FOTI with ICDAS II: Group IIUsing the ICDAS II standards, scrutiny is performed with Microlux transilluminator device ( FOTI ) & A ; the consequences to be recorded.Conventional Bitewing skiagraphy: Group IIIBitewing radiogram is to be taken with conventional movies with an appropriate exposure clip. Development of movies is to be done manually under standard conditions. The following recording standard is to be followed: 0 – sound ( no radiolucency is seeable ) 1 – Decayed ( circumscribed distinguishable radiolucency is seeable ) X – No sentiment could be formedDigital Bitewing skiagraphy: Group IVDigital bitewing radiogram is to be taken with the aid of Digital X-ray unit ( RVG Unit ) . The images to be displayed on the proctor screen. The testers would be given the freedom to set the brightness and contrast of the image. Similar standard as above ( C-BWR ) is to be considered.Laser Fluorescence Caries sensing ( DIAGNOdent pen ) : Group VFollowing the above scrutiny methods, the proximal surfaces of the selected dentition topic to scrutiny with investigation tip 2 of the DIAGNOdent pen, conforming to industries instructions. The recording is done as per cut-off points suggested by Lussi, et al19.ValidationWhen both testers agreed to the presence of proximal cavities, an operative intercession utilizing circular diamond bur and air rotor is to be done. This will function as a GOLD STANDARD in the proof method for diagnosing. The testers are supposed to utilize the dentin hardness standard with an adventurer to separate the carious and healthy dentin16. Tonss harmonizing to badness of the lesion was established for each validated tooth: 0 – no cavities 1 – Cavities confirmed to enamel 2 – Cavities widening to dentinStatistical AnalysisThe consequences obtained would be subjected to statistical analysis utilizing SPSS package.

Juvenile Crime And Juvenile Offenders - 988 Words

Juvenile crime is at its lowest level since 1987, falling 30% between 1994 and 1998. Therefore it is only fair to acknowledge that the criminal justice system has made tremendous strides in it’s treatment of the typical juvenile offender. For example, there was once a time when there was no separation between the treatment of both juvenile and adult offenders. Meanwhile today we have separate courts for juveniles and adults which I feel is a step in the right direction because it enforces the reality that a child’s mind is different from that of an adult. I feel that the separation is very important because it does a lot to protect the privacy of a child versus that of an adult offender. Another example of the strides our justice system has made in recent years to improve the treatment of juvenile offender is the fact that juvenile offenders do not have to experience facilities such as the Houses of Refuge, which was the norm in the earlier days of juvenile justice and crime. It is my belief that juvenile crime is not caused single-handedly by the youth themselves, I feel that there are mitigating factors that play a huge role in this societal issue. The reason is because of the fact that they are children at the end of the day, and a child only controls so much of their day to day. For example, it is no secret that education is a not a priority as far as government funding, which results in the revelation that the cost of higher education isShow MoreRelatedThe Crime Of Juvenile Offenders1256 Words   |  6 Pagesextremely much higher rates in the 2000’s) that portions of juvenile offenders commit most of the chronic, and violent, crimes of juvenile offenders. In a study conducted by Philadelphia birth cohort (Figlio, Wolfgang, Sellin, 1972) found that these â€Å"chronic offenders† (including having five or more police contact activities) in whole, constituted six percent of the cohort, and a rising figure of 18 percent of all delinquents. 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An adult committing the same violent crime will receiveRead MoreEssay on Juveniles Tried as Adults843 Words   |  4 PagesFinal : Question #1 A juvenile being tried as an adult is a very sensitive and controversial issue over the past years. There has been a significant increase in the number of juvenile offenders being tried in adult courts for serious crimes. Juveniles should be tried as adults depending on the seriousness of the crime that they commit. There are many factors that contribute to juvenile courts and to what extent a juvenile should be tried as an adult. The juvenile justice system was intendedRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime Causation Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages Theories of Crime Causation Dolores Jackson Williams Colorado Technical University Juvenile offender 1. Biological theory states that the individual will have certain traits will be transmitted from parent to children through genetics and not from social learning. 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There are many different instruments used to help classify delinquent youths and their likelihood of reoffending. Risk / needs assessment were primarily designed to the male population. Many researchers have examined gendered differences and feel as if there should be a â€Å"different need† approach that should be in place for women (Stephane M. Shepherd, 2012). Further researchers have found that females commit crime just as harsh and harmful as male juvenile offenders. By examiningRead MoreShould Juvenile Offenders Be Punished?1423 Words   |  6 Pagesof harm say they want the juvenile offender to pay for what he/she has done. Making someone pay for the harm they have caused is an easy concept when it comes to adult offenders; however, what about juvenile offenders? Should juvenile offenders be punished for what he/she has done? When victims want the juvenile offender to be punished for the harm they have caused, this is called retributive justice. Often Americans think that upping the consequences for committing crime is deterrent for others whoRead More old enough to commit crime, too young to do time. Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesyears of age. Other state’s juvenile systems make you liable to be tried as an adult at the age of 18. Law enforcement officials have been questioning the age of being tried as an adult for the past 40 years. Recently, they have come to the conclusion that children between the ages of 16 and 18 who commit adult crimes should be tried and sentenced as adults. After researching information and cases of minors being tried as adults, I have concluded that if minor offenders were punished in the same degree